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Title IX Basics
Posted: Wednesday May 17, 2000 9:41 AM
Updated: Monday October 23, 2000 10:28 AM
Title IX of the Education Amendment of 1972: No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.
1997-98 NCAA Gender Equity Study statistics
Q&A: Women's Sports Foundation executive director Donna Lopiano
Chat Reel: NCAA Director of Education Outreach Jane Meyer
Enforcement
Schools and colleges are responsible for complying with Title IX. Colleges are required to have a Title IX coordinator. Since Congress' passage of the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act in 1994, colleges must annually submit a report each year on participation numbers, scholarships, budgets, expenditures and salaries. Students and parents may request a copy of this report.
The Office of Civil Rights (OCR) at the U.S. Department of Education is responsible for enforcement. Anyone can file a complaint to the regional or national offices. The OCR uses a three-prong test to determine if schools are in compliance. Schools only need to meet one of the following:
1. Ratio of male and female athletes is proportionate to the ratio of male and female students.
2. School can demonstrate that it has a history of and continuing practice of program expansion for the underrepresented sex.
3. Interests and abilities of the underrepresented sex have been met by the present program.
The OCR can withdraw federal funding from schools who are not in compliance, but this has never been done.
The federal courts can require schools to pay damages to students and make changes to their programs.
History
1972 -- Title IX of the Education Amendment Act of 1972
1974 -- U.S. Senate passes, but House fails to pass amendment that would exclude revenue producing sports
1975 -- Original date schools given to comply
1978 -- Health, Education and Welfare department provides final guidelines for schools
1984 -- In Grove City College vs. Bell, the Supreme Court decided that only the programs that received federal funding and not the entire college fell under Title IX
1988 -- Civil Rights Restoration Act restores original interpretation of Title IX
1997 -- Supreme Court upholds a lower court ruling that found Brown University in violation of Title IX
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